Increased Oxidative Parameters and Decreased Cytokine Levels in an Animal Model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |
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Authors: | Douglas Teixeira Leffa Bruna Bellaver Carla de Oliveira Isabel Cristina de Macedo Joice Soares de Freitas Eugenio Horacio Grevet Wolnei Caumo Luis Augusto Rohde André Quincozes-Santos Iraci L S Torres |
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Institution: | 1.Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre,Brazil;2.Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre,Porto Alegre,Brazil;3.Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies - Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre,Brazil;4.Biochemistry Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre,Brazil;5.Psychiatry Department,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre,Brazil;6.ADHD Outpatient Program,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre,Porto Alegre,Brazil;7.National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents,Porto Alegre,Brazil |
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Abstract: | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder characterized by impairing levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. Oxidative and inflammatory parameters have been recognized among its multiple predisposing pathways, and clinical studies indicate that ADHD patients have increased oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to evaluate oxidative (DCFH oxidation, glutathione levels, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities) and inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10) parameters in the most widely accepted animal model of ADHD, the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Prefrontal cortex, cortex (remaining regions), striatum and hippocampus of adult male SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats were studied. SHR presented increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cortex, striatum and hippocampus. In SHR, glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. TNF-α levels were reduced in the prefrontal cortex, cortex (remaining regions), hippocampus and striatum of SHR. Besides, IL-1β and IL-10 levels were decreased in the cortex of the ADHD model. Results indicate that SHR presented an oxidative profile that is characterized by an increase in ROS production without an effective antioxidant counterbalance. In addition, this strain showed a decrease in cytokine levels, mainly TNF-α, indicating a basal deficit. These results may present a new approach to the cognitive disturbances seen in the SHR. |
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