Vertical migration of Karenia brevis in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico observed from glider measurements |
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| Institution: | 1. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, United States;2. School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, United States;1. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong, Qingdao 266071, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;4. Laboratory of Riverine Ecological Conservation and Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;1. Department of Marine and Ecological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd. South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA;2. LEMAR UMR 6539, Institute Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Rue Dumont d''Urville, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France;3. Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Rd., Wilmington, NC 28403, USA;1. ORISE Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1 Sabine Island Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA;2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2, Long Island Sound Office, 888 Washington Blvd, Stamford, CT, 06904, USA;3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1 Sabine Island Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA;1. National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan;2. Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 116 Katsurakoi, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 085-0802, Japan;3. National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan;4. Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Fisheries, 1551-4 Taira, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 851-2213, Japan;5. Fisheries Agency, Japan, 1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-8907, Japan;6. Saga Prefectural Genkai Fisheries Research and Development Center, 6-4948-9 Tobou, Karatsu, Saga, 847-0122, Japan;1. Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901, United States;2. Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, 3830 South Highway A1A #4-181, Melbourne Beach, FL 32951, United States |
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| Abstract: | The toxic marine dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis (the species responsible for most of red tides or harmful algal blooms in the Gulf of Mexico), is known to be able to swim vertically to adapt to the light and nutrient environments, nearly all such observations have been made through controlled experiments using cultures. Here, using continuous 3-dimensional measurements by an ocean glider across a K. brevis bloom in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico between 1 and 8 August 2014, we show the vertical migration behavior of K. brevis. Within the bloom where K. brevis concentration is between 100,000 and 1,000,000 cells L?1, the stratified water shows a two-layer system with the depth of pycnocline ranging between 14–20 m and salinity and temperature in the surface layer being <34.8 and >28 °C, respectively. The bottom layer shows the salinity of >36 and temperature of <26 °C. The low salinity is apparently due to coastal runoff, as the top layer also shows high amount of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Within the top layer, chlorophyll-a fluorescence shows clear diel changes in the vertical structure, an indication of K. brevis vertical migration at a mean speed of 0.5–1 m h?1. The upward migration appears to start at sunrise at a depth of 8–10 m, while the downward migration appears to start at sunset (or when surface light approaches 0) at a depth of ～2 m. These vertical migrations are believed to be a result of the need of K. brevis cells for light and nutrients in a stable, stratified, and CDOM-rich environment. |
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| Keywords: | Harmful algal blooms (HABs) Glider Remote sensing |
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