Approaches to diagnose DNA mismatch repair gene defects in cancer |
| |
| Institution: | 1. Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;2. Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;1. College of Chemistry & Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China;2. Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China;1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea;2. Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea;3. Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan;2. Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan;3. Department of Surgery, Kumamoto Saishunso National Hospital, Koshi, Japan;4. Department of Surgery, Kumamoto Social Insurance General Hospital, Yatsushiro, Japan;5. Department of Surgery, Kumamoto Rosai Hospital, Yatsushiro, Japan;6. Department of Surgery, Arao Municipal Hospital, Arao, Japan;1. Department of Biotechnology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology (FUUAST), Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi 75300, Pakistan;2. Department of Biotechnology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, KPK, Pakistan;3. The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;4. Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan |
| |
| Abstract: | The DNA repair pathway mismatch repair (MMR) is responsible for the recognition and correction of DNA biosynthetic errors caused by inaccurate nucleotide incorporation during replication. Faulty MMR leads to failure to address the mispairs or insertion deletion loops (IDLs) left behind by the replicative polymerases and results in increased mutation load at the genome. The realization that defective MMR leads to a hypermutation phenotype and increased risk of tumorigenesis highlights the relevance of this pathway for human disease. The association of MMR defects with increased risk of cancer development was first observed in colorectal cancer patients that carried inactivating germline mutations in MMR genes and the disease was named as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Currently, a growing list of cancers is found to be MMR defective and HNPCC has been renamed Lynch syndrome (LS) partly to include the associated risk of developing extra-colonic cancers. In addition, a number of non-hereditary, mostly epigenetic, alterations of MMR genes have been described in sporadic tumors. Besides conferring a strong cancer predisposition, genetic or epigenetic inactivation of MMR genes also renders cells resistant to some chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, diagnosis of MMR deficiency has important implications for the management of the patients, the surveillance of their relatives in the case of LS and for the choice of treatment. Some of the alterations found in MMR genes have already been well defined and their pathogenicity assessed. Despite this substantial wealth of knowledge, the effects of a large number of alterations remain uncharacterized (variants of uncertain significance, VUSs). The advent of personalized genomics is likely to increase the list of VUSs found in MMR genes and anticipates the need of diagnostic tools for rapid assessment of their pathogenicity. This review describes current tools and future strategies for addressing the relevance of MMR gene alterations in human disease. |
| |
| Keywords: | Mismatch repair (MMR) Microsatellite instability (MSI) Diagnostic tools Variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ |
|
