Susceptibility of Queensland fruit fly,Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to entomopathogenic nematodes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;2. School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;1. Unidad Asociada de Entomología IVIA (Instituto Valenciano Investigaciones Agrarias) – CIB (Centro Investigaciones Biológicas)-CSIC, Ctra Moncada-Náquera, Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain;2. Laboratory of Insect–Plant Interactions, CIB, CSIC, Ramiro de Maéztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;3. Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola-Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, Edificio 6C, 4ª y 5ª planta, 46022 Valencia, Spain;1. Department of Entomology and Nematology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel;2. Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel;3. Eden Experimental Farm, Bet Shean Valley 11710, Israel;1. NSW Department of Primary Industry, Locked Bag 21, Orange, New South Wales, 2800, Australia;2. Kalang Consultancy Services Pty. Ltd., 41 Barnett Close, Phillip, Australian Capital Territory, 2606, Australia;3. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 3 Baron Hay Ct, S Perth, Western Australia, 6151, Australia;4. Batlow Fruit Co-operative Ltd, 74 Forest Road, Baltow, New South Wales, 2730, Australia;1. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Ian Armstrong Building, 105 Prince Street, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia;2. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia;1. AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;2. Fairfield College, 25 Bankwood Rd, Chartwell, Hamilton 3210, New Zealand |
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| Abstract: | 
Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), is the economically most significant Australian tephritid pest species with a large invasion potential, yet relatively little work on its biological control has been undertaken. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are of potential interest for control of this fruit fly species as it pupates in the soil. Specifically, the pre-pupal stage of B. tryoni may present a unique window for EPN application, as fully developed larvae drop from infested fruit to the soil for pupation. For the first time, we tested the capacity of three EPN species with different foraging strategies, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, to cause larval and pupal mortality in B. tryoni across a range of EPN concentrations (50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 infective juveniles IJs cm-2), substrate moisture (10, 15, 20 and 25% w/v) and temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 °C). We found that all EPN species tested caused environment and density dependent mortality in the third larval instar while pupae were not affected. Steinernema feltiae caused high mortality across different IJ concentrations and over a wider moisture and temperature range than the other two EPN species. High mortality caused by S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora was more limited to high IJ concentrations and a narrower moisture and temperature range. Our findings highlight the potential of EPNs for the control of B. tryoni and warrant further laboratory and field experiments to evaluate their efficacy under the wide environmental conditions that B. tryoni can occur in. |
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| Keywords: | Entomopathogenic nematodes Fruit flies Tephritidae |
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