外泌体介导的靶向基因运送及在心血管疾病中的应用

外泌体是体内几乎所有细胞分泌的具有双层脂质膜结构的纳米级小囊泡。外泌体大小均匀，平均直径为40～120 nm，存在于所有体液中。外泌体曾一度被认为是细胞成熟过程中清除废弃细胞器的‘垃圾袋’。但近年研究显示：外泌体含有丰富的来源于‘供体细胞’的信号分子,如蛋白质、DNA、mRNA、miRNA以及lncRNA等。当外泌体与‘受体细胞’融合时，这些信号分子便被运送到‘受体细胞’，从而实现细胞 细胞之间的通讯，影响‘受体细胞’的生理病理过程。虽然外泌体的研究目前主要集中在癌症等疾病的预防、诊断与治疗中，但是越来越多的研究显示，外泌体在心血管系统的生理及病理过程中同样发挥着重要作用。本文将对外泌体的起源、分离与纯化方法及外泌体介导的‘细胞 细胞’之间的通讯机制进行综述，并重点论述利用基因工程技术对外泌体进行靶向运输的方法及靶向外泌体运送在心血管疾病治疗中的应用。

Exosome-mediated Targeted Therapeutic Delivery and Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases

Exosomes, secreted by almost all cells and found abundant in all body fluids, are nanosized membranous vesicles ranging from 40 to 120 nm in diameter. Exosomes are selectively enriched signal molecules including proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs among others, which can be shuttled to recipient cells and thus affect the biology of the later. Indeed, exosomes have been shown to play important roles in both physiological and pathological processes and have been exploited as a therapeutic mostly in cancer. However, emerging evidence has shown that exosome technology has also been applied in cardiovascular diseases. Here we review the biogenesis of exosomes, the methodologies used for exosome isolation, and the applications in the field of cardiovascular research, with a special focus on exosome display technology, exosome-mediated targeted therapeutic delivery, and its application in cardiovascular diseases.