生态条件的多样性变化对蜜蜂生存的影响

蜜蜂在整个生态系统中起着重要的传花授粉作用,是生态链中不可或缺的物种。随着现代农业的发展,蜜蜂赖以生存的环境遭到破坏,继而引发蜜蜂数量大幅减少,影响了蜂种的生存与可持续发展。总结了近年来生态条件的变化,归纳了影响蜜蜂生存的主要因素,分析了蜜蜂生存艰难的原因,提出了蜜蜂生存的关键问题,并展望了未来维持蜜蜂强群的主要研究方向。

The influence of diversity changes of ecological conditions on the survival of honey bees

Honey bees are essential species of ecological chain which play an important role in pollination in the whole ecosystem. By far the most important contribution honey bees make to modern agriculture is the pollination services that they provide. Fifty-two of the 115 leading global food commodities depend on honey bee pollination for either fruit or seed set. Honey bee is the most ideal pollinator,and honey bee industry has played a vital role in maintenance of environment development and protection of ecological equilibrium.At present,propaganda should be vigorously carried out on the role of honey bee pollination in increasing agriculture production and protection of ecological equilibrium.Honey bees are a greatly valued resource all of the world. They are prized for their honey and wax production and depended upon for pollination of many important crops. While globally honey bee populations have been increasing, the rate of increase is not keeping pace with demand. Further, honey bee populations have not been increasing in all parts of the world, and have declined in many nations in Europe and in North America. In recent year,CCD has broken out many times in the global range,and the population number of honey bees has sharply declined,so the situation is worrisome. Managed honey bee populations are influenced by many factors including diseases, parasites, pesticides, the environment, and socio-economic factors. These factors can act alone or in combination with each other. Modern agriculture increasingly depends on the use of chemical substances to control weeds, fungi and arthropod pests to ensure high yields. Honey bees may frequently become exposed to environmental chemicals as a consequence of their foraging activities, and traditionally, the focus of pesticide regulations was more on protection of bees against direct poisoning. However, since the substances that are being used have changed, damage from acute toxicity is not the only threat to bees. Instead, sub-lethal effects such as paralysis, disorientation or behavioral changes, both from short-term and long-term exposure, increasingly come into focus. In contrast to direct poisoning of bees that is apparent and easily observable, sub-lethal effects of pesticides on honey bees and other pollinators are much more difficult to demonstrate. The evolution of beekeeping as a cultural practice and as a profession has resulted in the development and use of techniques that may ultimately reduce the vitality of honey bee colonies. Selective pressures on the bee population are routinely being influenced by management decisions like the regular use of medication to control parasites and diseases, the protection of hives against cold weather, and artificial feeding. Consequently, weak and susceptible colonies are kept alive and given a chance to participate in the reproductive process. Colonies that were treated against diseases or parasites may be selected over non-treated colonies that have been forced to cope with the pathogens, thereby lowering the natural resistance against diseases and other environmental selection factors in the honey bee population. With the development of modern agriculture, the traditional survival conditions for honey bees are destroyed in China, which has threatened the existence and sustainable development of the honeybees, evidenced by the constant substantial decreases in the number of honeybees. This review summarizes the changes in ecological conditions, introduces the main factors affecting the survival of honeybees, analyzes the reasons behind the difficult survival of honeybees, and based on which several countermeasures have been raised to address the problem as well as how to maintain strong honeybee colonies, as a reference for future research.