Induction of alternative oxidase synthesis by herbicides inhibiting branched-chain amino acid synthesis

Sycamore suspension cells ( Acer pseudoplatanus L.) were incubated in the presence of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. These inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (ALS), a key enzyme of branched-chain amino acid synthesis, triggered a dramatic induction of the alternative oxidase (AOX). AOX activity increased in treated cells, eventually exceeding cytochrome (cyt) pathway activity. This induction of AOX activity was correlated with the accumulation of a 35 kDa AOX protein in isolated mitochondria, detected by Western blotting with a monoclonal antibody against Sauromatum guttatum AOX. It was preceded by the accumulation of putative 1.6 kb AOX mRNA, detected using an Aox cDNA probe from soybean. The metabolic perturbations induced by the herbicides rather than the herbicide molecules themselves were responsible for this induction of AOX. However, α-oxobutyrate (one of the substrates of ALS) and its transamination product, α-aminobutyrate, which accumulated after herbicide treatment, were not involved. The inhibition of branched-chain amino acid synthesis was probably somehow responsible for the AOX induction since: (i) a mixture of those amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) prevented AOX induction by ALS inhibitors; (ii) the herbicide Hoe 704, a potent inhibitor of acetolactate reducto-isomerase (the enzyme following ALS in the branched-chain amino acid pathway), also triggered AOX induction.