The adaptive significance of non-contact mate guarding by males of the dragonfly,Nannophya pygmaea Rambur (Odonata: Libellulidae)

InNannophya pygmaea, ovipositing females were frequently disturbed by conspecific males. Disturbed females often copulated with one of these males or flew away from the pool. Females which flew away from the pool due to male disturbance often returned later the same day and mated with different males. A territorial male would guard his ovipositing mate by hovering above her, presumably trying to prevent her from moving out of his territory. A non-territorial male would also guard his mate in a similar way, both at a vacant water area which was not occupied by any territorial males, or within the territory of a resident male. In addition, both territorial and non-territorial males chased intruding males in an attempt to prevent their mates from being stolen. Territorial males defended their mates better than non-territorial males. Both males and females often mated more than once in the course of a single day. Some territorial males copulated with a new female while another mate oviposited in their territories. This observation supported the “multiple mating hypothesis” proposed by Alcock (1979) and Uéda (1979) but other evidence suggested that this is an inadequate explanation for the non-contact guarding ofN. pygmaea.