特殊环境真菌

真菌是生物多样性最丰富和生存环境最多样的生物类群之一,除了我们熟知的土壤、植物残体、水体等一般环境外,还存在极地、高温、高盐等各种特殊环境.对真菌而言,特殊环境是指绝大多数真菌不能生存的环境,而特殊环境真菌是指特殊环境中特有的真菌或适应特殊环境的真菌.特殊环境人为地划分为以下3种类型:第一类,具有某种特定的理化限制因素的环境；第二类,某些特殊基质；第三类,受多因素限制的特殊复杂环境.特殊环境真菌有着独特的适应性,并进化出各种机制来占据生态位.它们在细胞构造、代谢方式、进化机制等方面的特殊性引起了科学家的广泛关注.本文介绍了各种特殊生态环境下生活的真菌类群以及它们的生存机制,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.

Fungi in unusual niches

Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms on the planet, colonizing a diversity of environments and substrates, and performing various functions. Unusual niches are herein defined as ecological systems which cannot support growth and reproduction of most fungi. Only a small number of fungi are able to survive in these unusual niches and develop special cell structures, metabolic pathways and evolution mechanisms for adaption. In this review, we divide the unusual niches into three categories: i) the niches with specific physical or chemical limit factors; ii) the niches with special substrates; iii) the unusual niches limited by complicated factors. The fungal diversity and their adaptive mechanism in these niches were discussed.