Waveguide model of the hearing aid earmold system |
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Authors: | Grzegorz Szwoch Bozena Kostek |
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Institution: | 1. Bone Marrow Transplantation Center (CEMO), Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Pra?a Cruz Vermelha 23, 20230-130, 6th floor, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 2. Department of Pathology, Botucatu School of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil 3. Hematology Service, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Pra?a Cruz Vermelha 23, 20230-130, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 4. Genetics Division, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rua André Cavalcanti 37, 4th floor, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract: | Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated to the etio-pathogenesis of an increasing number of tumors. Detection of EBV in pathology samples is relevant since its high prevalence in some cancers makes the virus a promising target of specific therapies. RNA in situ hybridization (RISH) is the standard diagnostic procedure, while polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods are used for strain (EBV type-1 or 2) distinction. We performed a systematic comparison between RISH and PCR for EBV detection, in a group of childhood B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), aiming to validate PCR as a first, rapid method for the diagnosis of EBV-associated B-cell NHL. Methods EBV infection was investigated in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples of 41 children with B-cell NHL, including 35 Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by in situ hybridization of EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER-RISH) and PCR assays based on EBNA2 amplification. Results EBV genomes were detected in 68% of all NHL. Type 1 and 2 accounted for 80% and 20% of EBV infection, respectively. PCR and RISH were highly concordant (95%), as well as single- and nested-PCR results, allowing the use of a single PCR round for diagnostic purposes. PCR assays showed a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 100%, respectively, with a detection level of 1 EBV genome in 5,000–10,000 EBV-negative cells, excluding the possibility of detecting low-number EBV-bearing memory cells. Conclusion We describe adequate PCR conditions with similar sensitivity and reliability to RISH, to be used for EBV diagnostic screening in high grade B-NHL, in "at risk" geographic regions. |
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