Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella on histopathogical and escape responses of the Northern scallop Argopecten purpuratus |
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| Institution: | 1. Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile;2. Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Casilla 117, Coquimbo, Chile;3. Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Casilla 117, Coquimbo, Chile;4. Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile;5. Universidad de Chile, Fac Med, Programa Fisiol & Biofis, Lab Bioquim Membrana, Santiago 7, Chile;1. Department of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery and Laser Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;2. Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China;3. Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;1. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;2. Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China;3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;1. Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile;2. Center for the Study of Multiple-Drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological Systems (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile;3. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile;4. Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile;5. Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada;6. Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile;7. Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile;8. Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile;9. Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile;10. Laboratorio de Funcionamiento de Ecosistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, & Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile;11. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile;1. Metagenomics Research Group, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8684, Japan;2. K Mikimoto & Co. Ltd., Osaki Hazako, Hamajima-Cho, Shima, Mie 517-0403, Japan;3. Research Center for Biochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8684, Japan;4. Laboratory of Planktology, Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan;1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China;2. Key Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Key Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China;3. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China;4. Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China;5. Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China;6. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China;7. Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China;1. Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile;2. Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile |
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| Abstract: | Juvenile Northern scallops Argopecten purpuratus were exposed to cultures of the paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium catenella, or a non-toxic microalga as a control, T-iso. After 3 and 6 days of exposure to either A. catenella or T-iso, scallops were stimulated to elicit an escape response by exposing them to the predatory sea star Meyenaster gelatinosus. We monitored the escape response of the scallops in terms of reaction time after first contact with the sea star, number of claps (burst of rapid valve closures) until exhaustion, clapping time, clapping rate, the time scallops spent closed when exhausted, and recovery from the initial number of claps, clapping time and clapping rate. Additionally, histopathological and stress responses (through heat-shock protein hsp70] induction), as well as accumulation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins, were monitored on scallops after 3 and 6 days of exposure to A. catenella. After 6 days of exposure, scallops exposed to A. catenella accumulated PSTs and reacted more rapidly with a higher clapping rate, however the duration of their escape response was shorter than controls, when exposed to M. gelatinosus. Additionally, scallops exposed to A. catenella showed histopathological features, especially after 6 days of exposure, including increased melanization of the tissues and myopathy, with high levels of degeneration of the muscle fibers. A six-day exposure to A. catenella also caused an increase in prevalence of rickettsiales-like organisms within scallop tissues. This study suggests that PST accumulation can affect the interaction between the Northern scallop and both pathogens and predators, potentially increasing their susceptibility to either of them. |
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