One-Step Lipophilization of Proteins Using Fatty Acyl Anhydride

Nucleotide sequences of mRNAs were compared between major calcium-sensitive caseins of cow (α_s1-casein) and rat (α-casein). A best fit alignment of the two sequences showed homology of 81% and 69% for the 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions, respectively. Homology in the comparable coding region of the mature asl-casein (76% of total codons) was remarkably lower at amino acid level (46%) than at nucleotide level (69%). The low conservation at amino acid level is explained by the unusual nucleotide substitution pattern (random at all three positions of codons) in contrast to synonymous substitutions at the third position revealed on comparison of other related proteins. The evolutionary distances among the number of the casein family were estimated by comparing known nucleotide sequences of the signal peptides which were the most conserved coding regions in the family. The divergence time for most distantly related caseins (both rat α-casein/rat β-casein and rat α-casein/mouse ε-casein) was estimated to be about 170 million years.