国家大型煤电基地生态环境监测技术体系研究——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟煤电基地为例

随着我国煤电基地建设进程的不断加快,煤电基地建设与开发活动引起的环境问题也日趋严重。了解生态环境质量现状,评估其对生态系统与人民健康水平的影响,制定合理的保护、治理、恢复策略是煤电基地环境保护工作的重中之重,而生态环境监测是解决上述问题的基础。然而,现有的监测技术体系普遍存在自动化水平较低、成本较高、时空覆盖面较低等问题。鉴于物联网技术在提高信息采集效率和改善信息获取方式方面的作用日益显著,所以将物联网技术应用于煤电基地生态环境监测,从感知层、传输层、支撑层、应用层、用户层的角度明确生态环境监测技术体系,为解决上述问题提供有效途径。

The ecology and environment monitoring technical systems in national large-scale coal-fired power base-A case study in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia

As the construction of coal-fired power bases in China accelerates, the amount of ecological damage and environmental pollution caused by this and their subsequent operation and servicing becomes more serious. It should be a priority to establish the ecological and environmental risks posed by coal-fired power bases, to assess their impact on ecosystems and human health, and to develop reasonable strategies for the protection, governance, and restoration of the environment. A sustained and methodical program of ecological and environmental monitoring is the basis for solving these problems. However, currently, the monitoring of technical systems still presents several operational shortcomings, such as low levels of automation, high operating costs, and poor spatial and temporal coverage. At the same time, significant developments in the Internet of Things are improving both the production efficiency of data collection and the way in which data are captured. Accordingly, we believe that the Internet of Things could be one of the more effective ways of solving the problems inherent in the current monitoring of technical systems, in respect of the sensing layer, transport layer, supporting layer, application layer, and client layer. For the study area in the current work, we used Xilinguolemeng in Inner Mongolia, an area that is rich in coal resources and one of the principal regions for coal-fired power base operation in China. To obtain the reference information regarding the problems of the atmospheric environment, meteorological data, surface water, groundwater, and soil environment, we needed to deploy the appropriate number of relevant sensors around the study area, after having established the principles for selecting the most suitable sensors. The data were transferred to the central platform via wireless sensor networks and the general packet radio service. Then, we analyzed these data and determined the state of the ecological systems and environmental pollution. At the same time, the platform provided the following functions: monitoring of environmental quality, environmental impact assessment, environmental management and decision-making support, ecological efficiency analysis, and environmental emergency response. The government, especially the environmental protection department, and the company can both easily obtain ecological and environmental information using a technical system based on the Internet of Things. The advantages of the Internet of Things system are as follows. First, it provides a large amount of high-quality data on the ecology and environment because of the avoidance of errors caused by manual operation. Second, the data are available for analysis in near real time. This means that problems can be identified quickly and that data are handled online, such that the builders and managers can respond quickly, helping in the implementation of ecological restoration and environmental protection policies and measures. Finally, the cost of monitoring and management is reduced. Therefore, technical systems for the ecological and environmental monitoring of national large-scale coal-fired power bases, which are based on the Internet of Things, can satisfy the requirements for providing high-quality ecological and environmental data at relatively low cost. Because of the large number of coal-fired power bases, ecological and environmental monitoring based on the Internet of things, offers the advantages of low cost, high precision, high universality, and widespread appeal.