Proximity association in polygynous western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis): network structure and seasonality |
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Authors: | Zhen-Hua GUAN Bei HUANG Wen-He NING Qing-Yong NI Xue-Long JIANG State |
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Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
2. University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3. College of Animal Science&Technology, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an Sichuan 625014, China |
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Abstract: | We investigated the structure and seasonality of the proximity network in a group of polygynous western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) using social network analysis. The spatial proximity changed seasonally and was affected by temperature and rainfall. Preferred proximity association was not distributed randomly among individuals. Kinship was one explanation for the social structure, as offspring preferred to maintain close proximity with their mothers. The proximity of infants to mothers decreased with age, and independent offspring had lower proximity to mothers than dependent ones. We found that the adult male had different proximity relationships with two different adult females. The frequency of proximity between the male and the infant-carrying female was significantly higher than that between the male and the female who had immigrated carrying one offspring of uncertain paternity into the group. Infanticide avoidance and/or predation protection for dependent infants might explain the proximity relationship differences. Temperature influenced group proximity association, with individual proximity increasing in the cold months and decreasing in the hot months. Group proximity decreased in months with higher anthropogenic disturbance. |
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Keywords: | Proximity " target="_blank">Nomascus concolorzz')" href="#"> Nomascus concolor Polygynous Social network |
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