Olfactory responses ofTrichogramma maidis Pint,et Voeg.: Effects of chemical cues and behavioral plasticity

Oriented responses of Trichogramma maidisPint, et Voeg. to airborne odors were observed in a four-armed olfactometer. Experiments were carried out with odors of host eggs, the sex pheromone of Ostrinia nubilalisHbn, and maize extract, offered singly or in combination, both to naive wasps and to wasps previously exposed to the tested odor during an oviposition experience. The exploratory behavior in the olfactometer was quantified by means of a computer program which performed a space-time analysis of the insect 's movements. Whereas the naive wasps did not respond to the odor of the eggs, the synthetic sex pheromone of O. nubilalis,or the maize extract presented singly, they did react to a mixture of these three volatile cues. Prior oviposition in the odor of maize extract or in the combination of odors induced an increased preference toward the conditioning scent. This phenomenon did not occur when the wasps were conditioned to egg odor or sex pheromone alone. These results suggest that females can learn to associate some olfactory cues with the presence of the host. Immediately following the presentation of the combination of odors, a strong attraction of experienced wasps occurred; it decreased as the experiment progressed and finally reached the level presented by naive insects. Adult conditioning to the combination of odors also resulted in reduced variability in the behavioral responses.