Genetic variants in metabolizing genes NQO1, NQO2, MTHFR and risk of prostate cancer: a study from North India

Quinone oxidoreductases (NAD(P)H): quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and NRH: quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) are an antioxidant enzyme, important in the detoxification of environmental carcinogens. Methylene-tetra-hydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), plays a role in folate metabolism and may have oncogenic role through disruption of normal DNA methylation pattern, synthesis, and impaired DNA repair. In a case–control study, genotyping was done in 195 PCa and 250 age matched unrelated healthy controls of similar ethnicity to determine variants in NQO1 exon 4 (C?>?T, rs4986998), exon 6 (C?>?T, rs1800566), NQO2 ?3423 (G?>?A, rs2070999) and MTHFR exon 4 (C?>?T, rs1801133) by PCR–RFLP methods. Heterozygous genotype CT and variant allele career genotype (CT?+?TT) of NQO1 exon 4 showed increased risk of PCa (OR?=?2.06, p?=?0.033; OR?=?2.02, p?=?0.027). Variant allele T also revealed increased risk (OR?=?1.87, p?=?0.029). Similarly variant genotype TT (OR?=?2.71, p?=?0.009), combined genotype (CT?+?TT) (OR?=?1.59, p?=?0.019) and T allele (OR?=?1.63, p?=?0.002) of NQO1 exon 6 demonstrated significant risk for PCa. Diplotypes of NQO1 (exon 4 and 6), C–T (OR?=?1.56, Pc?=?0.007) and T–T (OR?=?0.011, Pc?=?3.86) was associated with an increased risk for PCa. NQO2 and MTHFR did not show any risk with PCa. Our results strongly support that common sequence variants and diplotypes of NQO1 exon 4 and 6 genes may have role in PCa risk in the North Indian population, indicating the importance of genes involved in metabolism with respect to PCa risk. Additional studies on larger populations are needed to clarify the role of variation in these genes in PCa carcinogenesis.