Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cell HIV-1 LTR Binding Activities

Vertically transmitted HIV disease constitutes a significant problem in pediatrics. In order to characterize some of the possible host factors involved in HIV replication in fetuses and newborns, we surveyed the HIV-1 LTR binding factors present in nuclear extracts from cord blood mononuclear cells. A series of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) showed that protein extracts from cord blood interacted with several regions of the HIV LTR. The most prominent binding activities involved the NF-kB sites, but other regions of the LTR also showed factor binding with the cord blood extracts. Some of these cord blood extract binding activities displayed qualitative differences when compared to adult peripheral blood mononuclear cell extracts in EMSA and UV cross-linking studies. Transient transfection experiments indicated that the NF-kB and Sp1 sequences were important for wild type levels of expression in cord blood cells, but that additional sequences 5 to the NF-kB sites also contributed activity. Thus, factors that interact with many of the well-known HIV LTR regulatory sites are present in cord blood cells. However, certain qualitative differences distinguished cord blood and adult peripheral blood binding activities and these may contribute to pathogenesis of HIV infection in neonates.