Cadmium exposure and the risk of prostate cancer among Nigerian men: Effect modification by zinc status |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Chemical Pathology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria;2. Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;3. Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria;4. African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port-Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria;5. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA;1. Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;2. Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;3. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;4. Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA;2. ProteinSimple, A Bio-Techne Brand, San Jose, CA, USA;3. Neurochemistry Core, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA;4. Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Albert Einstein Medical College, New York, USA;1. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, 43201 Reus, Spain;2. Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology - TecnATox, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain;3. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, IISPV, 43204 Reus, Spain;4. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, IISPV, 43201 Reus, Spain;1. Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China;2. Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China;3. Department of Public Health, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China;4. Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) may result from an interplay between many factors including exposure to trace elements. This study examined the association between cadmium exposure and PCa among Nigerian men and evaluated possible modification of this effect by zinc status.MethodsThis case-control study involved men with histologically confirmed PCa (n = 82), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH; n = 93) and controls (n = 98), aged between 40 and 80 years. Study participants were recruited from the main teaching hospital that draws clients from the entire Anambra State in South-Eastern Nigeria. Blood and urine samples were collected from these participants and were analyzed for trace elements using ICP-MS. Statistical models were used to assess the exposure risk for cadmium exposure as well as the mediating effect of zinc status.ResultsAmong men with prostatic disorders (case-case analysis), every 10-fold increase in urinary cadmium was associated with increased risk of PCa (adjusted odds ratios: 2.526; 95% CI: 1.096–5.821). Men in the highest blood zinc quartile had lower odds of PCa compared to the lowest quartile (AOR: 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06–0.54; p-for trend = 0.001). Zinc-specific effect was observed in this group: every 10-fold increase in urinary cadmium was associated with increased risk of PCa among men with creatinine-adjusted urinary zinc levels below the median value (AOR: 8.46; 95% CI: 1.97 –36.39) but not in those above the median value (AOR: 1.55; 95% CI: 0.45 – 5.39).ConclusionHigher exposure to cadmium may be associated with increased risk of PCa in Nigeria and probably other countries with high prevalence of Zn deficiency. These results point to the need to consider co-occurring trace metals in any effort to mitigate the toxicity of Cd in the environment. |
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| Keywords: | Cadmium Environmental exposure Prostate cancer Nigeria Zinc status |
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