Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis |
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| Authors: | Manfred Kayser Oscar Lao Katja Anslinger Christa Augustin Grazyna Bargel Jeanett Edelmann Sahar Elias Marielle Heinrich Jürgen Henke Lotte Henke Carsten Hohoff Anett Illing Anna Jonkisz Piotr Kuzniar Arleta Lebioda Rüdiger Lessig Slawomir Lewicki Agnieszka Maciejewska Dorota Marta Monies Ryszard Pawłowski Micaela Poetsch Dagmar Schmid Ulrike Schmidt Peter M. Schneider Beate Stradmann-Bellinghausen Reinhard Szibor Rudolf Wegener Marcin Wozniak Magdalena Zoledziewska Lutz Roewer Tadeusz Dobosz Rafal Ploski |
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| Affiliation: | (1) Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Medical-Genetic Cluster,, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands;(2) Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany;(3) Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany;(4) Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;(5) Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany;(6) Institut fuer Blutgruppenforschung, Cologne, Germany;(7) Department for Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany;(8) Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University Lublin, Lublin, Poland;(9) Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University Gdañsk, Gdañsk, Poland;(10) Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany;(11) Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;(12) Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany;(13) Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany;(14) Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany;(15) Institute of Molecular and Forensic Genetics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland;(16) Institute of Legal Medicine, Charite—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany;(17) Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland;(18) Human Molecular Genetics Lab, Departments of Forensic Medicine and Pediatrics, Medical University Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland |
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| Abstract: | To test for human population substructure and to investigate human population history we have analysed Y-chromosome diversity using seven microsatellites (Y-STRs) and ten binary markers (Y-SNPs) in samples from eight regionally distributed populations from Poland (n=913) and 11 from Germany (n=1,215). Based on data from both Y-chromosome marker systems, which we found to be highly correlated (r=0.96), and using spatial analysis of the molecular variance (SAMOVA), we revealed statistically significant support for two groups of populations: (1) all Polish populations and (2) all German populations. By means of analysis of the molecular variance (AMOVA) we observed a large and statistically significant proportion of 14% (for Y-SNPs) and 15% (for Y-STRs) of the respective total genetic variation being explained between both countries. The same population differentiation was detected using Monmonier s algorithm, with a resulting genetic border between Poland and Germany that closely resembles the course of the political border between both countries. The observed genetic differentiation was mainly, but not exclusively, due to the frequency distribution of two Y-SNP haplogroups and their associated Y-STR haplotypes: R1a1*, most frequent in Poland, and R1*(xR1a1), most frequent in Germany. We suggest here that the pronounced population differentiation between the two geographically neighbouring countries, Poland and Germany, is the consequence of very recent events in human population history, namely the forced human resettlement of many millions of Germans and Poles during and, especially, shortly after World War II. In addition, our findings have consequences for the forensic application of Y-chromosome markers, strongly supporting the implementation of population substructure into forensic Y chromosome databases, and also for genetic association studies. |
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