Accessing naïve human pluripotency

Pluripotency manifests during mammalian development through formation of the epiblast, founder tissue of the embryo proper. Rodent pluripotent stem cells can be considered as two distinct states: na?ve and primed. Na?ve pluripotent stem cell lines are distinguished from primed cells by self-renewal in response to LIF signaling and MEK/GSK3 inhibition (LIF/2i conditions) and two active X chromosomes in female cells. In rodent cells, the na?ve pluripotent state may be accessed through at least three routes: explantation of the inner cell mass, somatic cell reprogramming by ectopic Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and C-myc, and direct reversion of primed post-implantation-associated epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs). In contrast to their rodent counterparts, human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells more closely resemble rodent primed EpiSCs. A critical question is whether na?ve human pluripotent stem cells with bona fide features of both a pluripotent state and na?ve-specific features can be obtained. In this review, we outline current understanding of the differences between these pluripotent states in mice, new perspectives on the origins of na?ve pluripotency in rodents, and recent attempts to apply the rodent paradigm to capture na?ve pluripotency in human cells. Unraveling how to stably induce na?ve pluripotency in human cells will influence the full realization of human pluripotent stem cell biology and medicine.