海洋生物技术在海水养殖动植物品种培育和病害防治中的应用

海水养殖是我国沿海地区发展经济的重要支柱产业。目前影响我国海水养殖业持续、稳定、健康发展的主要制约因素是苗种和病害问题。本文就海洋生物技术在海水养殖物植物品种培育和病害防治中的应用及有关问题进行了探讨，分别就应用海洋生物技术在群体和个体水平、细胞和染色体水平以及基因和分子水平培育新品种的工作，包括ＳＰＦ和ＳＰＲ苗种的培育、性别控制和杂交育种、多倍体育种、雌核发育、藻类细胞工程育种、转基因技术等进行了讨论。在重要水产养殖疾病病原的快速诊断和检测技术方面，重卢、讨论了核酸探针技术，ＰＣＲ技术和单克隆抗体技术。海洋生物技术在水产养殖疾病防治中的应用，重点讨论了疫苗和免疫促进剂的开发以及基因工程疫苗。本文还对我国海洋生物技术的发展战略及有关问题进行了探讨。

THE APPLICATION OF MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY TO NEW STRAIN BREEDING AND DISEASE CURE AND PREVENTION IN MARICULTURE

Mariculture is one of the key industries in China coast region's economic development. At present,the main constraints which hindering China's mariculture from developing sustainably, stably and healthily are high-quality seed supply and disease problems. This paper deals with the potential application of marine biotechnology, to maricultural species strain breeding and disease cure and prevention and related issues, especially, with regard to the application of marine biotechnology to new strain breeding at population and individual levels, cell and chromosome levels, and gene and molecular levels,including Specific Pathogen Free(SPF)and Specific Pathogen Resistance(SPR)seed breeding, sex control and hybridization, polyploid induction, gynogenesis, algal cytoengineering, gene transfer technique and so on. Concerning the fast diagnosis and quarantine techniques on maricultural disease pathogen,emphasis was put on techniques of gene probe, polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and monoclonal antibodies. As for the application of marine biotechnology to cure and prevention of maricultural diseases,this paper especially discussed the development of vaccine, immunostimulator and recombiniant DNA vaccine. Some opinions on developmental stratgy and related problems of marine biotechnology in China were also suggested in this paper.