Analysis of population changes by measurement of body weight in the Koshima troop of Japanese monkeys

Measurements of the body weight of monkeys in the Japanese monkey troop on Koshima islet in southern Japan have been made since 1970. Population changes in the troop have been recorded since 1952. The population changes were further analyzed on the basis of the body weight changes of the troop members. The recent history of the Koshima troop can be divided into three periods differing according to conditions of artificial feeding: (1) a semi-wild period (SW Period, 1952–63); (2) an artificial feeding period (AF Period, 1964–71); (3) and a restricted artificial feeding period (Non-AF Period, 1972–77). The AF Period represented a period of population growth, whereas the Non-AF Period was a declining one when the population density of the troop was roughly ten times that of most wild troops. These population changes, i.e., changes in population parameters especially in the population declining phase, could be fairly well understood from the general features of the body weight changes of the troop members, the slow body weight growth, elevation of age at first birth, and small size of adult females. Reproduction and survival were affected by seasonal and yearly changes in body weight. The pattern of changes in body weight displayed seasonal peaks in the autumn and spring. Of these, the former suggests that fruit eating in the autumn is an important factor in the reproduction and growth of the monkeys.