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Emergence, Mating, and Postmating Behaviors of the Oriental Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors:Henry T. Facundo  Charles E. Linn Jr.  Michael G. Villani  Wendell L. Roelofs
Affiliation:(1) Department of Entomology, Barton Laboratory, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, 14456;(2) Present address: Department of Entomology, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
Abstract:
In a previous field-trapping study of the oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse), by using synthetic sex pheromone on golf course fairways, numerous males were observed and trapped during the hours of peak mating activity. However, very few beetles were observed in the same areas when synthetic pheromone was absent. To investigate the hypothesis that mating in nature occurs cryptically within vegetation at the soil surface, laboratory studies on female emergence and pheromone release, male emergence and mate-locating, and female and male mating behaviors were conducted. Mate acquisition and copulation occurred on the soil surface near the female emergence site, with both sexes engaging in pheromone-mediated behaviors after having emerged from the soil. A highly stereotyped female pheromone release, or calling, behavior was observed, consisting of insertion of the female's head into the soil and elevation of the tip of her abdomen into the air. Bioassays conducted in a wind tunnel that simulated a turf fairway environment showed that walking and flying were both important in the upwind response of males to females. Mating and copulation occurred without an obvious complex courtship, but observations of postmating behaviors suggested that mate guarding occurs.
Keywords:Coleoptera  Scarabaeidae  oriental beetle  Exomala orientalis  sustained-flight tunnel  sex pheromone  (Z)- and (E)-7-tetradecen-2-one  mating behavior  mate guarding
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