黄曲霉功能基因组学研究

黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus）是一种常见的腐生真菌和条件致病菌，其次生代谢产物黄曲霉毒素（Aflatoxin，AFT）具有高度的致癌性和致畸性，严重危及人类和动物健康。近年来，功能基因组学研究发展迅速，在真菌生长发育、挖掘真菌次级代谢产物以及研究包括黄曲霉毒素在内的真菌毒素等方面得到了广泛的应用。功能基因组学在研究黄曲霉与宿主之间的相互作用以及黄曲霉与其他曲霉之间的相互作用方面具有巨大的潜力。然而，黄曲霉功能基因组学受到细胞壁难以破除、耐药性高、筛选标记少、缺陷型菌株构建费力耗时等因素的影响而发展缓慢。概述了黄曲霉的选择标记、遗传转化方法和黄曲霉毒素以及环匹阿尼酸（cyclopiazonic acid, CPA）生物合成的研究进展，并讨论了在提高黄曲霉基因操作效率方面的潜在策略。例如，构建缺乏非同源末端连接（NHEJ）途径的菌株、Cre-loxP重组系统、CRISPR-Cas9等方法，为深入开展黄曲霉遗传学研究提供参考。

Functional Genomics of Aspergillus flavus

Aspergillus flavus is a common saprophytic fungus and opportunistic pathogen, and its secondary metabolite aflatoxin is highly carcinogenic and teratogenic, which seriously endangers human and animal health. Recently, functional genomics research has developed rapidly, using functional genomics research techniques to study fungal growth and development, excavate secondary metabolites as well as study on mycotoxins including aflatoxins has gained widely applications. Simultaneously, functional genomics have great potential in studying the interaction between A. flavus and plants and the interaction between A. flavus and other Aspergillus fungi. However, the functional genomics of A. flavus has been slowly developed due to factors such as difficulty in breaking the cell wall, high drug resistance, few screening markers, and laborious and time-consuming construction of defective strains. In this review, advances in biosynthesis of aflatoxin (AFT) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), selection markers and genetic transformation methods of aflatoxin were discussed. Potential strategies for improving the efficiency of A. flavus gene manipulation were also discussed, such as the strains construction lacking non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways, Cre-loxP recombination system, CRISPR-Cas9 and other methods. These have provided a new way of thinking for in-depth research on the genetics of A. flavus.