Internal translation initiation of picornaviruses and hepatitis C virus |
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| Authors: | Michael Niepmann |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;2. Graduate Field of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China;2. Animal cell Engineering & Technology Research Center of Gansu, Northwest University for Nationalities, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou 730030, China;1. Department of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Biostatistics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur-680651, Kerala, India;2. Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur-680651, Kerala, India;3. Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur-680651, Kerala, India;4. Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur-680651, Kerala, India;1. Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City 0745, Auckland, New Zealand;2. Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand;1. Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Diagnóstico Maipú, Av Maipú 1668, Vicente López, B1602ABQ Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. Department of Interventional Cardiology, Sanatorio Guemes, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
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| Abstract: | Picornaviruses and other positive-strand RNA viruses like hepatitis C virus (HCV) enter the cell with a single RNA genome that directly serves as the template for translation. Accordingly, the viral RNA genome needs to recruit the cellular translation machinery for viral protein synthesis. By the use of internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements in their genomic RNAs, these viruses bypass translation competition with the bulk of capped cellular mRNAs and, moreover, establish the option to largely shut-down cellular protein synthesis. In this review, I discuss the structure and function of viral IRES elements, focusing on the recruitment of the cellular translation machinery by the IRES and on factors that may contribute to viral tissue tropism on the level of translation. |
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