Binding of chimeric metal-binding green fluorescent protein to lipid monolayer

Membrane-based bioanalytical devices for metal determination using green fluorescent protein as the sensor molecule may be a useful future biomimetic material. However, in order to develop such a device, it is necessary first to understand the interaction of the protein with lipid membranes. Thus we have investigated the interaction between chimeric cadmium-binding green fluorescent proteins (CdBPGFPs) and lipid monolayers, using a film-balance technique complemented with epifluorescence microscopy. The binding avidity was monitored from the surface pressure vs. area isotherms or from the measured increase in the lateral pressure upon injection of the chimeric CdBPGFPs beneath the lipid monolayer. Increased fluidization as well as expansion of the surface area were shown to depend on the concentration of the CdBPGFPs. The kinetics of the protein-induced increase in lateral pressure was found to be biphasic. The chimeric CdBPGFPs possessed high affinity to the 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) monolayer with a dissociation constant of K_d=10^–8M. Epifluorescence measurements showed that this affinity is due to the presence of the Cd-binding peptide, which caused the GFP to incorporate preferentially to the liquid phase and defect part of the rigid domain at low interfacial pressure. At high compression, the Cd-binding peptide could neither incorporate nor remain in the lipid core. However, specific orientation of the chimeric CdBPGFPs underneath the air–water interface was achieved, even under high surface pressure, when the proteins were applied to the metal-chelating lipid-containing surfaces. This specific binding could be controlled reversibly by the addition of metal ions or metal chelator. The reversible binding of the chimeric CdBPGFPs to metal-chelating lipids provided a potential approach for immobilization, orientation and lateral organization of a protein at the membrane interface. Furthermore, the feasibility of applying the chelator lipids for the codetermination of metal ions with specific ligands was also revealed. Our finding clearly demonstrates that a strong interaction, particularly with fluid lipid domains, could potentially be used for sensor development in the future.Abbreviations GFP green fluorescent protein - CdBPGFPs cadmium-binding green fluorescent protein - DPPC 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine - AAS atomic absorption spectrometry - Cd²⁺ cadmium (II) - Zn²⁺ zinc (II) - Cu²⁺ copper (II) - Ni²⁺ nickel (II) - E. coli Escherichia coli - NTA-DOGS 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-(N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl iminodiacetic acid) succinyl) - His6GFP hexahistidine green fluorescent protein - CdBP4GFP four-repeat cadmium-binding peptide green fluorescent protein - His6CdBP4GFP hexahistidine four-repeat cadmium-binding peptide green fluorescent protein - IMAC immobilized-metal-affinity chromatography - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - mN/m millinewton per metre - le liquid expanded - lc liquid condensed - PE phosphatidyl ethanolamine - PI phosphatidyl inositol - NTA nitrilotriacetic acid - EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid - RESA ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen - CdBP cadmium-binding peptide