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Nitrogen Fluxes and Retention in Urban Watershed Ecosystems
Authors:Peter M.?Groffman  author-information"  >  author-information__contact u-icon-before"  >  mailto:groffmanp@ecostudies.org"   title="  groffmanp@ecostudies.org"   itemprop="  email"   data-track="  click"   data-track-action="  Email author"   data-track-label="  "  >Email author,Neely L.?Law,Kenneth T.?Belt,Lawrence E.?Band,Gary T.?Fisher
Affiliation:(1) Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York 12545, USA;(2) Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;(3) Urban Forestry Ecological Research Unit, NE/USDA Forest Service, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21227, USA;(4) US Geological Survey, Baltimore, Maryland 21237, USA
Abstract:Although the watershed approach has long been used to study whole-ecosystem function, it has seldom been applied to study human-dominated systems, especially those dominated by urban and suburban land uses. Here we present 3 years of data on nitrogen (N) losses from one completely forested, one agricultural, and six urban/suburban watersheds, and input–output N budgets for suburban, forested, and agricultural watersheds. The work is a product of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, a long-term study of urban and suburban ecosystems, and a component of the US National Science Foundationrsquos long-term ecological research (LTER) network. As expected, urban and suburban watersheds had much higher N losses than did the completely forested watershed, with N yields ranging from 2.9 to 7.9 kg N ha–1 y–1 in the urban and suburban watersheds compared with less than 1 kg N ha–1 y–1 in the completely forested watershed. Yields from urban and suburban watersheds were lower than those from an agricultural watershed (13–19.8 kg N ha–1 y–1). Retention of N in the suburban watershed was surprisingly high, 75% of inputs, which were dominated by home lawn fertilizer (14.4 kg N ha–1 y–1) and atmospheric deposition (11.2 kg N ha–1 y–1). Detailed analysis of mechanisms of N retention, which must occur in the significant amounts of pervious surface present in urban and suburban watersheds, and which include storage in soils and vegetation and gaseous loss, is clearly warranted.
Keywords:nitrogen  nitrate  watershed  urban  mass balance  long-term ecological research
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