拟寄生蜂的寄主标记研究进展

拟寄生蜂常借助寄主标记信息素 (host marking pheromone, HMP) 来辨别已寄生寄主和健康寄主，避免过寄生和多寄生，减少后代的种内和种间竞争。寄主标记有外部标记、内部标记和“容器”及区域标记3种方式。HMP来源于拟寄生蜂的杜氏腺、毒腺、输卵管、卵巢、卵或咽侧体，由触角或产卵器感受。目前已鉴定出几种拟寄生蜂的HMP，多数为饱和与不饱和烃类的混合物，但卡氏盾痣细蜂Dendrocerus carpenteri的HMP是保幼激素。拟寄生蜂对寄主标记的反应受HMP持效期，拟寄生蜂内部状况如载卵量、年龄、经验和学习，及外部条件如拟寄生蜂和健康寄主种群密度以及寄主种类的影响。本文还讨论了HMP研究的理论和实际意义。

Host-marking in hymenopterous parasitoids

Most hymenopterous parasitoids are able to discriminate previously parasitized and healthy hosts, avoiding super- and/or multiparasitism to minimize intra- and/or interspecific competition for food. Chemicals usually mediate the discrimination. These chemicals are defined as host-marking pheromones (HMPs). The HMPs are deposited by ovipositing females on the host surface, on the ‘containers’ in which the hosts are concealed, in the patch where hosts are harbored, or/and are injected into the host body before, during or after oviposition. Source structures of HMPs are associated with Defour’s glands, poison glands, oviducts, ovaries, eggs or corpora allata. HMPs are detected with antenna or ovipositors. Up to now, several HMPs have been chemically identified. Most of them are blends of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. For Dendrocerus carpenteri, however, it is juvenile hormone. Several factors, such as HMP persistence, parasitoid intrinsic (egg load, age, experience or learning) and extrinsic factors (parasitoid density, available hosts, or host species), may affect the response of parasitoids to HMPs. The theoretical importance and potential applications of HMPs are also discussed.