RNA适体研究及其在医药上的应用

核酸适体（nucleic acid aptamer）是从人工合成的随机单链核酸库中筛选出的特异性与靶物质高度亲和的核酸分子,包括DNA适体和RNA适体. 体外获得核酸适体的方法称为指数富集配体系统进化技术，即SELEX（systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment）. 在SELEX技术获得的核酸适体中，RNA适体因其结构的多样性而具有靶分子广、亲和力高、特异性强等特点. 同时，相比传统抗体，RNA适体分子量小、易改造修饰、制备方便且无免疫原性. 因此，RNA适体在基础研究、临床诊断、药物研制等方面展现了广阔的应用前景. 本文综述了RNA适体的产生、特点、作用方式、优势与局限性，并详细介绍了其在医药研究领域的应用.

RNA Aptamer and its Medical Application

Nucleic acid aptamers selected from the synthetic pool of single strand random-sequence oligonucleotides was shown to bind a wide range of biomedically relevant targets with high affinity and specificity. Nucleic acid apdamers can be DNAs or RNAs and evolve in vitro by SELEX, a method of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. The obtained RNA aptamers bind to a wide range of targets based on various spatial structures. Comparing with the traditional antibodies, RNA aptamers are smaller, easier to modify, non-immunogenic, and more convenient to synthesize. RNA aptamers are prospected for broad applications in basic research, clinical diagnosis and drug development. This review summarized the formation, characteristics, function, advantages and limitations of RNA aptamers, and discussed their potential pharmaceutical applications.