西部欠发达地区生态经济系统能值分析——以青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州为例

青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州（简称海西州）生态环境脆弱，快速发展的工业活动对当地生态环境造成严重破坏。海西州地处青藏高原东北部，是我国重要的生态安全屏障之一，在全国生态建设中处于特殊地位。能值分析法是一种基于热力学理论的环境核算方法。利用能值分析法对海西州生态经济系统运行现状进行评估；并应用能值指标评价海西州生态经济系统的可持续发展水平；通过对能值指标的时间序列分析揭示海西州生态经济系统的发展趋势，以期为海西州生态经济系统的可持续发展提供参考依据。研究结果表明，2016年支撑海西州生态经济系统运行的总能值投入量为6.69×10²⁴ sej，是2010年总能值投入量的1.94倍。在2010-2016年的7年内，不可更新资源的能值投入占当年总能值投入量的比例均超过90%，而可更新资源能值投入量与从系统外输入到海西州的能值量占比均较低。基于能值的指标分析显示：海西州的人均能值使用量、能值密度、能值货币比率、环境负载率分别从2010年的8.84×10¹⁸ sej/人、1.15×10¹³ sej/m²、3.05×10¹⁴ sej/US$、103.02增加到2016年的1.65×10¹⁹ sej/人、2.22×10¹³ sej/m²、9.12×10¹⁴ sej/US$、213.47；而相应的能值产出率、能值可持续发展指数则分别从2010年的2.66×10³和25.84降低到2016年的1.23×10³和5.74。研究结果表明虽然海西州经济得到发展、人民生活质量得到提高，而经济发展对当地不可再生资源依赖较大，给环境造成的压力不断增加。为从长远角度实现海西州的可持续发展，亟需转变经济发展方式，降低对不可更新能源的过度开发。此外，研究结果显示，海西州的能值交换率小于1，这说明研究时间范围内，海西州在对外贸易过程中处于不利地位，因此需增加单位产品的附加值以促进能值流的合理流动。

Emergy accounting of a western underdeveloped eco-economic system: A case study of Haixi in Qinghai

Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (abbreviated as Haixi) is characterized by ecological fragility. Rapid industrial activities have substantial contributions to Haixi''s economy, while bringing huge damage to its ecological environment. Located in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, Haixi is one of the most important ecological safety barriers of China and contributes significantly to China''s national ecological construction. Based on thermodynamics, emergy synthesis is a useful method applied for environmental accounting. In this study, a systematic study on Haixi''s eco-economic system was performed by using emergy synthesis to provide a holistic picture of its current performance. Emergy-based indicators were also adopted to evaluate the sustainability of Haixi''s eco-economic system. In addition, temporal analysis of the emergy-based indicators was conducted to provide the historical trend of the performance of Haixi''s eco-economic system. The results showed that the total emergy use for supporting Haixi''s economy in 2016 was 6.69×10²⁴ sej, which was 1.94 times that of the total emergy used to support Haixi''s economy in 2010. The results also showed that the emergy in terms of local nonrenewable resources accounted for more than 90% of the total emergy use for supporting Haixi from 2010 to 2016, whereas the proportion of renewable resources and resources from outside were small. In addition, emergy use per person, emergy density, ratio of emergy to money, and environmental loading ratio increased from 8.84×10¹⁸ sej/person, 1.15×10¹³ sej/m², 3.05×10¹⁴ sej/US $, 103.02 in 2010 to 1.65×10¹⁹ sej/person, 2.22×10¹³ sej/m², 9.12×10¹⁴ sej/US $, 213.47 in 2016, respectively. Meanwhile, emergy yield ratio and the emergy-based sustainability index decreased from 2.66×10³ and 25.84 in 2010 to 1.23×10³ and 5.74 in 2016, respectively. The results obtained from this study indicate that although great progress has been made in the Haixi''s economy and local people''s living, the development of economy largely depends on local nonrenewable resources and present increasing pressure on the local environment. Thus, it is urgent to explore ways to reduce the overexploitation of nonrenewable resources and to promote Haixi''s long-term sustainability development. In addition, results obtained from this study indicate that the emergy exchange ratio of Haixi is less than 1. This result shows that Haixi experienced disadvantages during its trade with other regions from 2010 to 2016. To promote rational exchange of emergy flows, it is important to increase the additional value of Haixi''s products.