冬奥会对举办城市生态环境的影响研究进展

冬季奥林匹克运动会被认为是促进举办城市可持续发展转型升级的催化剂,但在给举办城市带来经济、社会、文化、环境进一步发展的同时,也将带来各种不利影响和风险。关于冬奥会影响的学术研究早期主要集中在经济、社会和文化方面,近年来才转向对城市结构和功能、生态系统保护、环境保护、可持续发展和遗产管理等影响的研究。但国内外学术界关于冬奥会给举办城市、环境及其可持续发展造成影响的研究仍比较匮乏。通过对历届冬奥会对主办城市的生态环境及可持续发展的影响以及环境保护的关注度进行综述,分析冬奥会生态环境影响研究方面的主要进展,并提出未来生态环境保护方面需要关注的重点研究领域和问题,包括开展冬奥会全生命周期环境影响评价,关注和实施全过程环境风险管理,加强冬奥会环境和可持续发展监测和评估,构建冬奥会环境制度体系、可持续共治机制,以期为我国举办2022冬奥会提供经验参考。

Eco-environmental impacts of the Winter Olympic Games on host cities: A critical review

As a global mega event, the Winter Olympic Games have also functioned as a catalyst to the transformation of the host cities towards more sustainable development. While the opportunities for social and economic development have been pursued, the accompanying ecological and environmental impacts have often been neglected. The practice of Winter Olympic sport highly depends on the availability of key natural resources, as well as healthy ecosystems. Its reach also touches the millions of people involved in related activities such as designing, constructing and managing sport venues. This paper reviewed the institutionalization of environmental concerns in the previous 23 Winter Olympics based on literature analysis and text analysis. In parallel, this paper also reviewed the research progress made in this field. The results showed that the economic, social and environmental impacts of the Winter Olympics Games on the host cities have been increasing with the expansion of sport facilities, the urban infrastructures and event scale. The scale and gravity of impact depends mainly on the kind of sport and the size of the event. Formal integration of environmental concern into the official documents was a rather recent phenomenon in the history of the Winter Olympics. Arguably, 1994 Lillehammer, Norway, as the first Green Winter Olympics, opened a new era of environmental protection and sustainability of Olympic Movement. Academic research on the impacts of the Winter Olympics also focused mainly on the economic, social, and cultural impacts in early stages, only in recent years turned to impacts on urban structure and function, ecosystems conservation, the environmental protection, sustainability and heritage management of the Winter Olympics. Based on the literature analysis and practical experiences, this paper identified issues for future research agenda:1) carrying out the whole life cycle environmental impact assessment of the Winter Olympic Games, 2) paying attention to and implementing the whole process environmental risk management, 3) strengthening the monitoring and reporting of the environment, ecosystems, and sustainable development of the Winter Olympic Games, and 4) constructing the institutional system of the environmental management and sustainable governance mechanism of the Winter Olympic Games. This study will provide lessons for organizers of 2022 Beijing-Zhangjiakou Winter Olympics in China.