Role of the brain and ring gland in regulation of pupal diapause in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. ICHNOS Research Group, Department of Geology, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil;2. Department of Soil Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Earth Surface Systems Program, University of Kentucky, USA;4. Laboratory of Pedology (LABPED), Department of Geography, Geosciences Institute, Geosciences, State University of Campinas, Brazil;5. Laboratory of Social Pest Insects, Department of Vegetal Production, Faculty of Agronomic Science, UNESP, Brazil;6. Department of Geography, Campus Petrolina, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Brazil;1. Division of Space Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Kiruna, Sweden;2. Department of Environmental Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India;3. Defence Terrain Research Laboratory, New Delhi, India;4. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India;5. Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Armilla, Granada, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Larvae of Sarcophaga crassipalpis photoperiodically programmed for pupal diapause pupariate later than larvae programmed for continuous development. Pupariation time is determined by the brain-ring gland complex as evidenced by transplantation experiments in which the timing of pupariation was transferred from one larva to another by transplantation of the brain-ring gland complex. The developmental commitment (diapause or nondiapause) of the larva also can be transferred with the brain-ring gland complex if the recipient's own neuroendocrine system is suppressed by ring gland extirpation. Thus, photoperiodic programming of the brain-ring gland complex is not only responsible for developmental commitment but also for determining the duration of the prepupal period. Surgical experiments with pupae indicate that an intact brain-ring gland complex is required for diapause termination and initiation of adult development. Pupae fail to break diapause if either the brain or the ring gland is removed or if their nervous connections are severed. |
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