On the biology of the damselfly Nosoticta kalumburu Watson & Theischinger (Zygoptera: Protoneuridae)

The habitat and the territorial and reproductive behaviours of a recently named Australian protoneurid damselfly, Nososticta kulumburu Watson & Theischinger are described. Nososticta kalumburu breeds in shallow, narrow (<2 m wide) fast-flowing permanent streams in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The presence of suitable perches (protruding rocks or overhanging vegetation) seems to be important in determining its distribution. It is a sexually dimorphic species; males have prominent dark brown spots on the wings and a blue pruinescence, which the females lack. Males are strongly territorial. Territories (radius around I m) are small in both high and low density populations and are defended vigorously against conspecific males. Male courtship behaviour towards potential mates involves a vigorous hovering flight in front of, and by the side of, the female, during which the prominent dark brown spots on all four wings are dispalyed. Mean length of copulation is 15.4 min. Two stages of copulation were recognized. It is thought that the first stage which occupies most time (94.7%) is concerned with removing sperm from previous matings in the usual zygopteran manner. Oviposition begins in tandem in the stems of aquatic macrophytes or the roots of terrestrial plants that hang into thc water. Males exhibit plasticity in post-copulatory guarding bchaviour: in pairs undisturbed during the early stages of oviposition, the male may release the female before the current bout of egg-laying has been completed and attempt to regain a territory. The penis is unusual in having a heavily armoured shaft and two pairs of cornua; it is probably used in sperm removal as well as intromission.