生态安全及其评价方法研究进展

生态安全是国家安全的重要支撑与组成部分,具有不受生态退化问题影响、且生态系统服务能有效支撑经济社会发展和保障人类福祉的意义。但长期以来,不同学者和决策者对生态安全概念内涵的理解有所差异,生态安全评价关注点和方法体系也不统一且存在局限,不利于相关研究与实践活动的科学开展。鉴于此,通过梳理生态安全概念内涵及其发展脉络,提出以生态系统之整体系统特征为核心基础、并紧密联系人类福祉的生态安全,明确其具有生态系统物质基础层面与人类社会发展层面两方面的涵义。在此基础上,总结了当前生态安全评价的案例研究。相关评价研究中普遍使用“压力-状态-响应”或者类似气候-生态环境-社会经济维度的指标体系及赋权加和的综合方法,这样的基于不同要素的评价,没能突出关系到生态安全的关键系统性特征,没有反映生态安全的动态性,同时也偏离了不同维度特征的实际意义。因此,本文阐述了以体现生态安全核心内涵的生态退化问题与生态系统服务为关注对象、构建具有相对性和动态性的指标体系、选择恰当的指标综合方法以进行生态安全评价的策略。根据此评价方法提出一些具体的研究展望,包括合理构建与发展生态安全评价的指标体系及综合方法,深入探讨生态系统与...

The research progress and prospect of ecological security and its assessing approaches

Ecological security is an important support and component of national security, with the implication of the avoidance of ecological degradation issues, and the effective support to economic-social development and human well-being from ecosystem services. For a long time, however, the understandings of the concept and connotation of ecological security have varied with researchers and decision-makers, and the focuses and approaches of ecological security assessment also have not been unified with multifarious limitations, which were obviously not conducive to the related researches and practices. Thus, based on the review of ecological security concept and connotation with the progress, this paper highlighted the content of the systemic characteristics of ecosystem and its close relation with human well-being. It makes clear that ecological security has two meanings, according to the aspects of the material basis of ecosystem, and its contributions to the development of human society. We summarized the current case studies on ecological security assessment. In these researches, the indicators based on the pressure-state-response 3-dimension system, or a similar one including dimensions like climate, ecology and environment, society and economy, etc., were commonly used with the synthesizing method of weighted addition. Such approaches directly synthesizing the basic elements of ecosystem and society with different properties and dimensions, have not only hindered to highlight the key systemic characteristics related to ecological security, but also deviated from the actual meanings of those different dimensions, without the reflection of the dynamic of ecological security. Therefore, this paper elaborates the strategies of the ecological security assessment approaches by focusing on ecological degradation issues and ecosystem services, which can reflect the core connotation of ecological security, building the indicator system with the characteristics of relativity and dynamics, and selecting the proper indicator-synthesizing method, based on the related research progress. Finally, as to the assessing approaches of the ecological security, we put forward some specific prospects for further research, including the appropriate formulation and improvement of indicator system and synthesizing method for ecological security assessment, the thorough exploration of the relationships between ecosystem service and economic-social development with the meanings of ecological security on human welfare, the prior concern on the ecological security and its assessment of the typical eco-fragile area, and the scientific prediction for ecological security under climate change scenarios in the future. These works are expected to provide some insights for the research and practice of regional ecological security assessment, ecological civilization construction and national security.