Chronotype and time metaphors: morning-types conceive time as more friendly and less hostile

Recent studies have shown that diurnal preference (Morningness–Eveningness, also labeled chronotype) is an important predictor of temporal perspectives. In the present paper we draw upon these results in a study aiming to investigate differences between Morning-, Neither- and Evening-types in conceiving time. Based on data gathered from a sample of 316 university students, we analyzed associations between chronotype and dimensions of Time Metaphors Questionnaire. Morning preference was associated with a more positive, friendly view of time, whereas evening preference was related to conceiving time as negative and hostile. The above results were obtained using both dimensional and circadian typology approaches. The results are in line with a growing body of data indicating elevated negative emotionality of Evening-types. Possible mechanisms underpinning these associations are discussed in light of recent developments in the field of chronopsychology.