| Abstract: | Users of analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures are accustomed to an ANOVA table, followed by a table of means. When the underlying linear model is variance‐balanced, i.e. the standard error of a difference is constant for all pairwise comparisons, non‐significant differences can be indicated by underlining. Unfortunately, when the design is unbalanced, it may turn out to be impossible to consistently represent all significant differences by standard underlining procedures. This paper proposes simple approaches, which allow a “connected lines” representation of treatment comparisons in the unbalanced case. The price for the improved display of results is a potential need to set‐aside some significances and report them separately. Experience shows that often all significances can be displayed by underlining, especially when variance‐imbalance is moderate. Alternatively, a “broken lines” representation can be used, which is guaranteed to allow a display of all significances. This type of display seems particularly suitable for implementation as a letters representation into statistical packages for linear models. |
