Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids: compatibility webs, brief encounters, lasting relationships and alien invasions |
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| Authors: | Yumiko Bonnardeaux Mark Brundrett Andrew Batty Kingsley Dixon John Koch K Sivasithamparam |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences (Soil Science Discipline), Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;2. School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;3. Science Directorate, Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia;4. Alcoa World Alumina Australia, PO Box 252, Applecross, WA 6953, Australia;1. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution (UMR 7205 ISYEB), CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France;2. School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa;1. Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;2. Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth 6005, Western Australia, Australia;3. School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia;4. Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;5. Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 5771, Albany 6332, Western Australia, Australia;1. Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia;2. School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia;1. Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA;2. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA |
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| Abstract: | The diversity of mycorrhizal fungi associated with an introduced weed-like South African orchid (Disa bracteata) and a disturbance-intolerant, widespread, native West Australian orchid (Pyrorchis nigricans) were compared by molecular identification of the fungi isolated from single pelotons. Molecular identification revealed both orchids were associated with fungi from diverse groups in the Rhizoctonia complex with worldwide distribution. Symbiotic germination assays confirmed the majority of fungi isolated from pelotons were mycorrhizal and a factorial experiment uncovered complex webs of compatibility between six terrestrial orchids and 12 fungi from Australia and South Africa. Two weed-like (disturbance-tolerant rapidly spreading) orchids — D. bracteata and the indigenous Australian Microtis media, had the broadest webs of mycorrhizal fungi. In contrast, other native orchids had relatively small webs of fungi (Diuris magnifica and Thelymitra crinita), or germinated exclusively with their own fungus (Caladenia falcata and Pterostylis sanguinea). Orchids, such as D. bracteata and M. media, which form relationships with diverse webs of fungi, had apparent specificity that decreased with time, as some fungi had brief encounters with orchids that supported protocorm formation but not subsequent seedling growth. The interactions between orchid mycorrhizal fungi and their hosts are discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Disa bracteata Fungal specificity Mycorrhizas Orchids Pyrorchis nigricans Rhizoctonia Seed germination Western Australia |
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