Patterning mechanisms and morphological diversity of spider appendages and their importance for spider evolution |
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| Authors: | Matthias Pechmann Sara Khadjeh Frederik Sprenger Nikola-Michael Prpic |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Poland;2. Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran;3. Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran;4. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK;5. University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA;6. Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;7. Cardiovascular Sciences Research Centre, St George''s University of London, UK;8. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Harvard Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA;9. BioMedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy;10. Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Italy;11. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland;12. Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;13. South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia;1. Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Energy Conversion Group, KNToosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran;2. Renewable Energies and Environment Department, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;3. Young Researchers and Elite Club, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;1. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales – CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. Arachnology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA;3. Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;4. Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, USA;5. Plazi, Bern, Switzerland;6. Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa |
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| Abstract: | The prosoma of spiders bears different gnathal (labrum, chelicerae, pedipalps) and locomotory appendages (legs). In most species these appendages are also used for additional functions, e.g. sensing, mating, and courtship. The opisthosoma is equipped with four pairs of highly specialized appendages. Two pairs of spinnerets are used for silk production and manipulation. The other two pairs of appendages are internalized during development and give rise to a complex respiratory system of book lungs and tracheae. Thus spiders have a number of different appendage types with radically different adult morphologies. Furthermore, all these appendage types display significant additional species specific diversity correlating with a large spectrum of functions of the appendages. Despite this importance of appendage diversity for the evolution of the spiders we know relatively little about the genetic patterning mechanisms producing this diversity of morphology. We review recent advances concerning the developmental genetics of spider appendage diversification, mainly concentrating on open questions and future directions of research. We conclude that the deeper understanding of appendage development and diversity in spiders can contribute significantly not only to evolutionary developmental biology, but also to behavioral biology, speciation research and population genetics, and the study of sexually dimorphic traits. |
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