Historical changes in epilimnetic phosphorus concentrations in six rural lakes in Northern Ireland

1. Sediment cores were taken from six lakes in Northern Ireland: Loughs Heron, Ballywillin, Corbet, Patrick, Brantry and Creeve. The present-day total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of these lakes range from around 30 to 400 μg TP l^–1. None of the lakes have sewage point-sources disposing into them, and all have primarily agricultural catchments. 2. Sediment cores were dated using ²¹⁰Pb. The cores cover time periods ranging from about 100 years at Lough Corbet to periods considerably greater than the range of ²¹⁰Pb (more than 150 years), Lough Patrick. 3. Diatom stratigraphies indicate considerable ecological change at all the lakes, regardless of their current nutrient status. Epilimnetic phosphorus concentrations were inferred using weighted averaging regression and calibration. Diatom-inferred TP values for the core surface samples agreed reasonably well with the contemporary values. Pre-1900 TP concentrations range from about 10 μg TP l^–1 at Lough Patrick to 80 μg TP l^–1 at Lough Corbet. The higher values prior to 1900 are assumed to relate to land-clearance activities and the expansion of agriculture associated with the Plantation period. 4. Although there are increasing diatom-inferred TP concentrations between 1850 and 1900 at some sites, there is a final and more marked increase at all lakes after 1950. Phosphorus concentrations have increased at all lakes, by between a factor of three to five, over an average 50-year period. At four of the lakes, TP concentrations have been increasing linearly from around 1950 to the present day, suggesting that, in general, there is little sign of amelioration of the eutrophication problem. 5. The post-1950 increases are assumed to relate to changes in agricultural activity within their catchments, notably the continued improvement in field drainage, which has facilitated transfer of nutrients to water courses and lakes and increasing soil-P concentration due to a positive annual-P balance. Another factor, probably associated with increased animal grazing densities and improvement of grassland, is the application of animal slurries, which appears to be a largely unquantified factor.