Cladocera in shallow lakes from the Ecuadorian Andes show little response to recent climate change

Floating-leaved rhizophytes and pleustophytes are the first barrier to Sun’s rays and significantly affect the light regime of the water column. To evaluate these effects on light attenuation, the reflectance and transmittance spectra variability were examined according to the leaf traits within three plant groups: (1) seed plants with green abaxial surfaces; (2) seed plants with red abaxial surfaces; and (3) ferns with trichomes. Specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll a and b, and UV-B and UV-A-absorbing substances differed between these three groups. The ‘spectral signatures’ of floating-leaved seed plants are similar to those of terrestrial seed plants, with a peak in the green region and a pronounced ‘red edge’. Ferns transmitted more light along the whole spectrum compared to other species. Most reflectance and transmittance spectra variability of the first group was explained by SLA. In the second group, 36% of the reflectance spectra variability was explained by tissue density and carotenoids, and 48% of the transmittance spectra variability by carotenoids, anthocyanins and SLA. In ferns, the reflectance spectra variability was mainly explained by chlorophylls, and partly by trichome length and mesophyll thickness, with the transmittance spectra variability significantly affected by chlorophyll b.