Cytokines and persistent viral infections |
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| Institution: | 1. Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;3. Immunology and Rheumatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;1. Department of Laboratory Medicine of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy;2. Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;3. Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy;4. Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy;1. CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada;2. Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada;3. ImmunXperts, a Nexelis Group Company, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;4. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada;5. Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada;6. Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada;7. Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada;1. Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md;2. Division of Allergy/Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics and UCSF Benioff Children''s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif;3. Division of Immunology, Children''s Hospital, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;4. Departments of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics and Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif;5. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Texas Children''s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex;6. Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash;7. Pediatric Rheumatology, Seattle Children''s Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash;8. Pediatric Immunology and Pediatrics, Mother and Child Ste-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Intracellular pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C and B or Epstein–Barr virus often cause chronic viral infections in humans. Persistence of these viruses in the host is associated with a dramatic loss of T-cell immune response due to functional T-cell exhaustion. Developing efficient immunotherapeutic approaches to prevent viral persistence and/or to restore a highly functional T-cell mediated immunity remains a major challenge. During the last two decades, numerous studies aimed to identify relevant host-derived factors that could be modulated to achieve this goal. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the role of cytokines in preventing or facilitating viral persistence. We concentrate on the impact of multiple relevant cytokines in T-cell dependent immune response to chronic viral infection and the potential for using cytokines as therapeutic agents in mice and humans. |
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| Keywords: | Cytokine Chronic viral infection Exhaustion T cell |
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