植物病媒昆虫的翅型分化

翅多型现象是昆虫非遗传多型性的一种表现,包括不具飞行能力的短翅型或无翅型,以及可以进行长距离迁飞的长翅型或有翅型。翅多型现象常发生在可以携带病原并将其传播给植物宿主的媒介昆虫中,对植物病害的时空分布与暴发有重要影响。本文从翅型分化的遗传规律、诱导因素、分子机制和伴随翅型分化的其他生理表现4个方面,对植物病原主要传播媒介蚜虫和飞虱的翅型分化研究进行综述和梳理。昆虫翅型分化的诱导因素主要包括温度、湿度和光周期等非生物因素以及虫口密度、宿主营养、病毒等生物因素;而其内在的分子机制大多是通过胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子信号(IIS)通路、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase,JNK)信号通路、Wingless和嗅觉受体SaveOrco等调控。翅型分化的同时伴随着生理状态的变化,表现为短翅型具有更强的繁殖能力和长翅型含有更丰富的飞行肌结构成分。目前,昆虫翅型分化的研究尚不够完善,有许多需要解答的问题,如找到胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子信号通路中真正发挥功能的靶基因,JNK如何调控翅型分化以及虫媒病毒影响媒介昆虫翅型的分子机理。本综述可为控制虫媒病原的传播以及其他昆虫翅多型的研究提供参考。

Wing morph differentiation of plant-pathogen borne vector insects

Wing polymorphism is one of insect polyphenism phenomena, including short-winged or apterous morph without flight ability and long-winged or alate morph for long distance migration. Wing polymorphism is often observed in vector insects that transmit plant pathogens, and therefore affects the spatial-temporal distribution and outbreak of plant diseases. In this article we reviewed the research progress of wing dimorphism in aphids and planthoppers from the genetic laws, induction factors, molecular mechanisms, and other physiological modification accompanying wing morph differentiation. Wing dimorphism is mainly induced by abiotic factors, such as temperature, humidity and photoperiod, and biotic factors, such as population density, host nutrition and viruses. The underlying molecular mechanisms are involved in the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway, c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, Wingless and olfactory receptor SaveOrco. Wing morph differentiation of insects is accompanied by changes in physiological status. The short-winged insects have stronger reproduction ability, while the long-winged insects contain richer flight muscle components. So far, the research of wing dimorphism is not comprehensive, and many problems need to be solved, such as identifying the target genes in the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway, the regulation mechanisms of JNK on wing dimorphism and the molecular mechanisms of wing dimorphism mediated by viruses in vector insects. This review may shed light on the control of vector-borne pathogens and the research of wing polymorphism of other insects.