Fluoride exposure and factors affecting dental caries in preschool children living in two areas with different natural levels of fluorides |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska St, 60-812 Poznań, Poland;2. Postgraduate Studies in Scientific Research Methodology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska St, 60-812 Poznań, Poland;3. Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, 4 Bedrychowo St, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;1. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq;2. Clinical Analysis Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Havalan City, Erbil, Iraq;3. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;4. Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria;5. IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia;1. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Patología, Av. San Martín 5285, C1427CWO, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL, UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, C1113AAD, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey;3. Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA;1. Neurosciences, Pharmacology and Environment Team, Laboratory of Clinical, Experimental and Environmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco;2. Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco;3. Cadi Ayyad University, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Department of Biology, Morocco;1. Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;2. Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China;3. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundSuccessful oral health interventions must be based on the specific needs of the population that they serve. Evaluation of habits related to dental caries development and estimation of fluoride exposure in a target group of young patients helps to plan effective and safe caries prevention strategies.ObjectivesThe study aimed to evaluate factors affecting dental caries experience and sources of fluoride exposure in preschool children living in two areas: with optimal and low natural content of fluoride in drinking water.Materials and methodsThe study included a group of 73 children of both sexes aged 4–7 years attending two kindergartens in ?roda Wielkopolska and Turek (Wielkopolska Voivodeship, Poland), where the content of fluoride in drinking water according to data obtained in the sanitary station ranged from 0.68 to 0.74 mg/L (optimal concentration of fluoride) and from 0.19 to 0.30 mg/L (low concentration of fluoride), respectively. Parents of patients completed a survey about diet, hygiene, and dental care, taking into account the child's fluoride exposure. The calibrated dentist assessed the oral health condition using a mirror, a CPI probe, and a headlamp. Oral hygiene was recorded using the Silness and Löe plaque index, caries experience by calculating the numbers of decayed, missing, and filled primary, and permanent teeth (dmf and DMF, respectively) while caries frequency by calculating the percentage of children with caries experience above 0. In order to assess the fluoride concentrations in urine and drinking water, parents were asked to provide a urine sample collected on fasting and a tap water sample. Fluoride concentrations were assessed using a 09–37 (MARAT) fluoride ion-selective electrode and a RAE 111 silver-chloride reference electrode. Statistical analysis was conducted using the data analysis software system Statistica (version 12, StatSoft, Inc. 2014), assuming a statistical significance level p < 0.05.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between caries indices of the examined children in each kindergarten (p > 0.05). Urinary fluoride levels were higher in children who tended to swallow toothpaste or used fluoride rinses and positively correlated with fluoride concentrations in the drinking water. Dental caries experience in the examined children depended on the effectiveness and frequency of oral hygiene procedures and dietary habits.ConclusionsThe strategy aimed at improving the oral health of the examined group of children should include accomplishing oral hygiene, promoting a non-cariogenic diet, and, finally, controlling fluoride exposure from at-home fluoride products. Caries prevention program ought to be adjusted to individual characteristics of each child, taking into consideration oral hygiene practices, dietary habits and total fluoride intake. |
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| Keywords: | Fluoride intake Urinary fluoride Dental caries risk Drinking water Children |
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