Morph-specific mating patterns in a low-density population of a heterodichogamous tree, Juglans ailantifolia |
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Authors: | Megumi K Kimura Susumu Goto Yoshihisa Suyama Masaki Matsui Keith Woeste Kenji Seiwa |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan 2. Education and Research Center, The University of Tokyo Forests, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan 3. Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan 4. Ecohydrology Research Institute, The University of Tokyo Forests, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo 11-44 Goizuka, Seto, Aichi, 489-0031, Japan 5. USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907-1159, IN, USA
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Abstract: | Heterodichogamy, including protandrous (PA) and protogynous (PG) morphs, is considered a mechanism to avoid selfing and promote disassortative mating. Although morphotypes are usually present in a population at a 1:1 ratio, this ratio may be biased in a low-density population by demographic stochasticity, resulting in a deficiency of mating partners in a neighbourhood dominated by a single morph. In this study, we determined morph ratio of the heterodichogamous tree species, Juglans ailantifolia by observing flowering in a low-density population during 2?years. The morph ratio (PG: PA) of 2.56:1 deviated significantly deviated from 1:1. We genotyped 59 reproductive trees and 405 offspring derived from eight PG-mother and three PA-mother trees with 11 microsatellite markers. Paternity analysis was conducted to clarify the effects of mother morph on the proportion of intra-morph mating. Then, we applied the Bayesian mixed effect mating model (MEMM) to clarify mating system, pollen dispersal, and individual fecundity of PG- and PA-mother trees. We found that the selfing rate and the distance of pollen dispersal were not clearly different between PG- and PA-mother trees. In contrast, the proportion of intra-morph mating was higher in the majority-morph (PG) mother trees than in the minor-morph (PA) mother trees. The MEMM indicated that mean dispersal distance of PG-mother trees was larger than that of PA-mother trees with large variance. Furthermore, we observed individuals with unusually high intra-morph fecundity for majority-morph (PG) trees. These findings indicate that intra-morph mating may occur when majority-morph mothers suffer a deficiency of potential inter-morph mates. |
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