我国东北及山东部分地区野生蛹虫草资源采集及观察

蛹虫草是一种重要的食药用真菌，其子座可规模化栽培。然而，栽培中菌种极易退化，成为限制其发展的重要因素，野生种质资源为蛹虫草栽培生产菌株的重要来源。本研究对东北和山东部分地区蛹虫草资源进行了持续调查，对其生态分布和宏观、微观形态等进行了系统研究。从5个地点共采集野生蛹虫草标本414份，寄主绝大多数为鳞翅目昆虫的蛹，少数为鳞翅目昆虫的幼虫和茧。野生蛹虫草子座单生或2-25根，长1-17 cm，棒状、扁平状或不规则畸形，扁平状子座常具纵沟，部分可分支；子座可从寄主头、胸和腹部各部位长出，其中以头部为主。子座地上部分长1-6 cm，颜色呈深橙黄色。可育部位长0.5-4 cm，宽1.2-6 mm，大多数与不育柄部分界明显；地下部分0.5-11 cm，其长度与腐殖质厚度相关。首次明确观察到蛹虫草菌索，菌索连接蛹体和子座，或单从子座、蛹体上长出，但不是所有野生蛹虫草都有菌索。蛹虫草菌索与子座内部的疏丝组织菌丝形态各异，菌索菌丝中间膨大。人工栽培与野外采集的子座宏观形态差异明显，但子囊和子囊孢子形态无明显差异。通过野外采集和调研，获得了大量的野生蛹虫草种质资源，为解决蛹虫草种业问题奠定基础。

Collection and observation of wild Cordyceps militaris resources in partial areas of Northeast China and Shandong Province

Cordyceps militaris is an important edible and medicinal fungus, and the stroma can be artificially cultivated on a large scale. However, the cultivated strains are easily degenerate, hindering industrialized cultivation. Germplasms for cultivation mainly depend on investigation and collection of wild resources. In this study, the resources of C. militaris in partial areas of Northeast China and Shandong Province were investigated, and the ecological distribution and morphology of the fungus were systematically surveyed. A total of 414 wild C. militaris specimens was collected from five locations. Most of the hosts were pupae of Lepidoptera, and a few of them were larvae and cocoons. The wild C. militaris stromata are solitary or 2-25-clustered, 1-17 cm long, rod-, flat-shaped, or irregularly deformed, branched and come out from various parts of the host, mainly from the head. The ground part of stroma is 1-6 cm long and shows deep orange-yellow. The fertile part of stroma is 0.5-4 cm long, 1.2-6 mm wide, and most stromata have a sharp boundary between the fertile and sterile parts. The underground part is 0.5-11 cm, and the length is correlated with the thickness of humus. The rhizomorph was clearly observed for the first time in some fruiting bodies of C. militaris, which connected with the pupa and the stroma, or grown from the pupa and stroma alone. The rhizomorph was morphologically different from the mycelia of prosenchyma and the middle of hyphae of the rhizomorph is enlarged. The macroscopic morphological differences between artificially cultivated and wild stromata were obvious, but no difference was found in the morphology of asci and ascospores. Enormous wild C. militaris germplasm resources have been observed in this survey, being helpful for the development of C. militaris industry in China.