Evidence from mitochondrial genomics supports the lower Mesozoic of South Asia as the time and place of basal divergence of cypriniform fishes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi) |
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Authors: | KENJI SAITOH TETSUYA SADO HENRY L. BART Jr MUTSUMI NISHIDA RICHARD L. MAYDEN MASAKI MIYA |
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Affiliation: | 1. National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2‐12‐4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama 236‐8648, Japan;2. Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum & Institute, Chiba, 955‐2 Aoba, Chuo, Chiba 260‐8682, Japan;3. Tulane University Museum of Natural History, Wild Boar Road, Belle Chasse, LA 70037, USA;4. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 5‐1‐5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277‐8564, Japan;5. Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA |
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Abstract: | We analysed mitochondrial genomic sequences under maximum likelihood (ML) criteria to explore phylogenetic relationships, and performed historical biogeography analysis with divergence time estimation for fishes of Order Cypriniformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi). We added mitogenomes for eight new cypriniforms and one outgroup to a data set comprising 53 and six outgroup mitogenomes from a previous study to make our taxon sampling geographically representative. The ML tree reconfirmed monophyly of four basal cypriniform clades (cyprinids, catostomids, gyrinocheilids, and loaches including balitorids and cobitids). It also recovered 18 monophyletic groups largely equivalent to the subfamilial rank, and resolved interrelationships among most of these subfamilial clades. However, lower bootstrap support for the ML tree and higher approximately unbiased (au) probabilities for alternative topologies around some branches indicated problems that still need to be resolved. Historical taxon biogeography by dispersal‐vicariance analysis, a parsimonious reconstruction of past ranges, and gain‐loss ratio analysis at the subfamilial level, identified the geographical region of basal cypriniform divergence as southern Asia. Bayesian divergence time analysis dated the basal otophysan split, which gave birth to Order Cypriniformes, to the late Triassic around 219.5 Mya. The basal cypriniform divergence took place during the late Jurassic around 155.9 Mya. These dates coincide with the onset and completion, respectively, of the Pangaean breakup. Taking biogeographical analysis and node dating into account, we consider the most likely candidate for the initial geographical range of Order Cypriniformes to be the south‐eastern area of Mesozoic Laurasia (present‐day southern Asia, excluding the Indian subcontinent). We also briefly discuss ecological implications of the group's divergence. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 161 , 633–662. |
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Keywords: | Balitoridae Catostomidae Cobitidae Cyprinidae divergence time likelihood comparison maximum likelihood phylogeny zoogeography |
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