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Secondary contact seeds phenotypic novelty in cichlid fishes
Authors:Paul Nichols  Martin J Genner  Cock van Oosterhout  Alan Smith  Paul Parsons  Harold Sungani  Jennifer Swanstrom  Domino A Joyce
Institution:1School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;2School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK;3School of Environmental Science, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Abstract:Theory proposes that genomic admixture between formerly reproductively isolated populations can generate phenotypic novelty for selection to act upon. Secondary contact may therefore be a significant promoter of phenotypic novelty that allows species to overcome environmental challenges and adapt to novel environments, including during adaptive radiation. To date, this has largely been considered from the perspective of interspecific hybridization at contact zones. However, it is also possible that this process occurs more commonly between natural populations of a single species, and thus its importance in adaptive evolution may have been underestimated. In this study, we tested the consequences of genomic introgression during apparent secondary contact between phenotypically similar lineages of the riverine cichlid fish Astatotilapia calliptera. We provide population genetic evidence of a secondary contact zone in the wild, and then demonstrate using mate-choice experiments that both lineages can reproduce together successfully in laboratory conditions. Finally, we show that genomically admixed individuals display extreme phenotypes not observed in the parental lineages. Collectively, the evidence shows that secondary contact can drive the evolution of phenotypic novelty, suggesting that pulses of secondary contact may repeatedly seed genetic novelty, which when coupled with ecological opportunity could promote rapid adaptive evolution in natural circumstances.
Keywords:introgression  admixture  secondary contact  phenotypic novelty  haplochromine fishes  river capture
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