How neurons die in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for neuroinflammation |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA;2. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;3. Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA |
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| Abstract: | Despite the long-standing observation of vast neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) our understanding of how and when neurons are eliminated is incomplete. While previous investigation has focused on apoptosis, several novel forms of cell death (i.e. necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, cuproptosis) have emerged that require further investigation. This review aims to collect evidence for different modes of neuronal cell death in AD and to also discuss how these different forms of cell death may impact the neuroinflammatory environment that prevails in the AD brain. Improved understanding of how neurons die may help to delineate disease pathogenesis, provide insights toward treatment, and aid in the development of improved animal models of AD. |
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| Keywords: | Alzheimer's disease Cell death Neuroinflammation Apoptosis Necrosis Necroptosis Pyroptosis Ferroptosis Parthanatos Microglia Phagocytosis Amyloid beta Neurodegenerative disease Multiple sclerosis Neuroimmunology Disease-associated microglia Aβ" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0095" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" amyloid beta AD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0105" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Alzheimer's disease AIF" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0115" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" apoptosis inducing factor DAMPs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0125" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" damage-associated molecular patterns ER" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0135" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" endoplasmic reticulum FADD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0145" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Fas-Associated Death Domain GPX4" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0155" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" glutathione peroxidase-4 HMGB1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0165" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" High Mobility Group Box-1 MCI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0175" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" mild cognitive impairment MLKL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0185" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein MMSE" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0195" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" mini-mental status examination Nec-1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0205" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" necrostatin-1 NFT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0215" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" neurofibrillary tangles PARP-1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0225" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 PRRs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0235" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" pattern recognition receptors PSNN" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0245" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" ponstosubicular neuron necrosis RIPK1/3" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0255" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1/3 TNFR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0265" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Tumor necrosis factor receptor TRAIL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0275" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" tumor-necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand YAP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0285" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Yes-associated protein |
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