Saproxylic beetle assemblages related to silvicultural management intensity and stand structures in a beech forest in Southern Germany |
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Authors: | Jörg Müller Heinz Bußler Thomas Kneib |
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Institution: | 1. Bavarian Forest Nationalpark, Freyunger Str. 2, Grafenau, 94481, Germany 2. Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft, Am Hochanger 13, 85354, Freising, Germany 3. Institut für Statistik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t München, Ludwigstra?e 3, 80539, Munchen, Germany
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Abstract: | Compared to agricultural land and spruce plantations, central European beech-oak forests are often relatively close to natural
conditions. However, forest management may alter these conditions. In Steigerwald, southern Germany, a large beech-dominated
forest area, three management intensities were applied during the past 30–70 years. Here, we examined the influence of management
intensity on saproxylic beetles in >100-year old mature stands at 69 sampling plots in 2004. We sampled beetles using flight-window
traps and time standard direct searches. The community structure based on presence/absence data changed remarkably along the
gradient from unmanaged to low-intensity to high-intensity management, but these differences were not evident using abundance
data from flight interception traps. Saproxylic species richness decreased in intensively managed forests. Elateridae and
threatened species richness peaked in unmanaged forests and in forests under low-intensity management. Saproxylic species
richness was dependent on certain micro-habitat factors. These factors were (1) the amount of dead wood for Elateridae, overall
and threatened saproxylic beetle richness; (2) the amount of flowering plants for Cerambycidae; (3) the richness of wood-inhabiting
fungi for Staphylinidae, Melandryidae and overall saproxylic beetle richness; and (4) the frequency of Fomes fomentarius for threatened species. Species richness was better explained by plot factors, such as dead wood or fungi, than by management
intensity. These results suggest that the natural variation of dead wood niches (decay stages, snag sizes, tree cavities and
wood-inhabiting fungi species) must be maintained to efficiently conserve the whole saproxylic beetle fauna of beech forests.
Also, intensive management may alter the specialised saproxylic beetle community even if the initial tree-species composition
is maintained, which was the case in our study. For monitoring the ecological sustainability of forest management we must
focus on threatened species. If structures alone are sampled then the amount of dead wood is the best indicator for a rich
saproxylic beetle fauna. |
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Keywords: | Management intensity Beech forests Species richness Saproxylic beetles |
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