生态文明建设重点领域标准化现状、存在的问题及对策建议

标准化是促进科技创新、推动产业发展的重要手段，是减轻环境污染、提高资源利用效率的有效途径，是推动生态文明建设先行示范区形成可借鉴、可复制、可推广样板的有效手段，分析生态文明建设重点领域的标准化现状和存在的问题并提出对策建议能够为生态文明建设的高质量实施提供参考。研究结合联合国17项可持续发展目标以及中央对生态文明建设的总体部署与要求，从国土空间规划、自然资源集约节约利用、生态环境监测、生态环境保护修复、绿色生活、生态产品价值实现、应对气候变化七大重点领域分析了生态文明建设标准化现状与问题。结果发现，截至2020年我国在生态文明建设七大重点领域制定的国家标准超过1000项，95%以上集中在自然资源集约节约利用、生态环境保护修复以及绿色生活领域。深入分析发现生态文明建设标准化工作目前仍存在较大问题，表现在：标准体系方面，尚未形成以生态安全为主体的标准体系，现有标准以政府主导制定为主，且在各领域分布不均衡，部分标准更新较慢，无法满足生态文明建设快速发展的技术要求；标准研制方面，顶层支撑较为薄弱，队伍建设有待加强；标准实施方面，不同领域之间标准实施不均衡，部分领域标准制定者权威性不高，标准实施效果较差。基于上述存在的问题，研究从标准体系优化、标准研制能力建设、标准实施路径创新等方面提出了生态文明建设重点领域标准化工作的对策与建议。

Standardization status, problems and suggestions in key areas of ecological civilization construction

Standardization is an important means for high-quality implementation of ecological civilization construction due to its role in promoting sci-technological innovation and industrial development, alleviating environmental pollution, improving resource utilization efficiency. It can promote the formation of models that can be used for reference, copied and popularized in the pilot demonstration areas of ecological civilization construction. It''s necessary for high-quality implementation of ecological civilization construction to analyze the status and problems, put forward countermeasures and suggestions in standardization of key areas. This study gave the detailed analysis in standardization of seven key areas, including the nationally territorial space planning, economical and intensive use of natural resources, ecological and environmental monitoring, ecological and environmental conservation and restoration, a green way of life, market value realization of ecological product, tackling climate change. The results showed that the number of national standards was more than 1000, and 95% of the standards distributed in economical and intensive use of natural resources, ecological and environmental conservation and restoration, and a green way of life. An in-depth analysis pointed out the problems in standard system, standard development and standard implementation. For the standard system, ecological security-oriented system pattern has not yet formed, less market-driven standards were not able to satisfy the needs, existing standards were unevenly distributed among the key areas. For the standard development, weaker top-level planning and team are not enough to support the development of high-quality standards. For the standard implementation, the differences in the nature of standards, policy formulation, market application and low authority on standard developer led to poor effort and the imbalanced implementation of standards among the key areas, e.g. higher percent compulsory standards, consumption policies, market needs in energy area drove the standards utilization in energy saving products and enterprises, inversely, lower standards utilization occurred in areas of environmental conservation and water resource. Based on the above problems, further suggestions on how to carry out standardization were put forward, specifically as follows:firstly, optimize standard system, e.g. future standard system can reflect the systematic and holistic thought of ecological civilization construction, standard and technology will be developed integratedly to promote timely update of standard, the areas of weakness can be strengthened and the loopholes can be closed to facilitate balanced development of standards among the key areas, secondly, strengthen ability to develop standard by reinforcing top-level planning, enhancing talent resources and increasing enterprise participation, thirdly, innovate standard implementation path, e.g. the performance evaluation and incentive-restraint mechanism will be established and standard publicity channels can be expanded.